School of Engineering \ Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering
	
	
	
 
				
	Course Credit
	ECTS Credit
	Course Type
	Instructional Language
 
				
				
	Programs that can take the course
	
	
	
 
	Can be taken as faculty elective course by the other engineering departments
	
	
	
 
				
	Theoretical and experimental tools used in production. Industrial metals and ceramics, their classifications, production and heat treatment methods, microstructures, and applications. 
	
	
	
 
				
	Textbook and / or References
	
	
	
 
	1. The Science and Engineering Materials, D. Askeland, P. Fulay, W. Wright, Cengage Learning
2. Ceramic Materials Science and Engineering, C. B. Carter, M. G. Norton, Springer
3. Materials Science and Engineering ,W. Callister, D. Rethwisch, Wiley
4. Materials: Engineering, Science, Processing and Design, Michael F. Ashby
	
	
	
 
				
	The aim of this course is to provide a general overview of metallic and ceramic materials used in the industry and their production processes. 
	
	
	
 
				
	
					
						1. Students will understand various metallic and ceramic materials used in the industry, their microstructures, and properties, as well as how to produce these specified microstructures.
					
						2. Students will be able to identify suitable materials and production processes (related to metals and ceramics) for specific applications or requirements.
					
						3. Interpretation of phase diagrams related to alloy formation.
					
						4. Acquisition of technical knowledge regarding the industrial applications of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
					
						5. Understanding the chemical and microstructural properties of glass and ceramic materials.
					
				
	
	
	
 
				
	Week 1: Introduction Materials and Production
Week 2: Basic information, Furnaces, Blast Furnace, Iron and Steel Production
Week 3: Basics of Solidification
Week 4: Solid solutions and Phase diagrams
Week 5: Dispersion strength and eutectic phase diagrams
Week 6: Strengthening of dispersion through phase transformations and heat treatments
Week 7: Heat treatments in steels and cast irons
Week 8: Non-Ferrous Alloys
Week 9: Ceramic Types and Applications
Week 10: Production of Ceramics 
Week 11: Glasses
Week 12: Coatings, Thin and thick films
	
	
	
 
				
				
					
					
						
							
								
									| Tentative Assesment Methods | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number | 
									Weight (%) | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Attendance/Participation | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										1 | 
										15% | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Quiz | 
										3 | 
										30% | 
									
								
									
										| Midterm Exam | 
										1 | 
										30% | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										1 | 
										30% | 
									
								
							
							
								
									 | 
									Total | 
									105% | 
								
							
						
						
						
							
								
									| Tentative ECTS-Workload Table | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number/Weeks | 
									Duration (Hours) | 
									Workload | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Hours (first 6 weeks) | 
										6 | 
										4 | 
										24 | 
									
								
									
										| Course Hours (last 6 weeks) | 
										6 | 
										3 | 
										18 | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										1 | 
										35 | 
										35 | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Quiz | 
										3 | 
										10 | 
										30 | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Midterm Exam | 
										1 | 
										30 | 
										30 | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										1 | 
										2 | 
										2 | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Final Exam | 
										1 | 
										12 | 
										12 | 
									
								
									
										| Study Hours Out of Class (preliminary work, reinforcement, etc.) | 
										12 | 
										2 | 
										24 | 
									
								
							
							
								
									| Total Workload |  |  | 
									175 | 
								
								
									| Total Workload / 30 |  |  | 
									175 / 30 | 
								
								
									 |  |  | 
									5.833333 | 
								
								
									| ECTS Credits of the Course |  |  | 
									6 | 
								
							
						
					
				
			
				
					
						
							 | 
							
								Program Outcome
								**
							 | 
						
						
							
								| 1 | 
							
								2 | 
							
								3 | 
							
								4 | 
							
								5 | 
							
								6 | 
							
								7 | 
							
								8 | 
							
								9 | 
							
								10 | 
							
								11 | 
							
						
					
					
						| 
							Course Outcome
						 | 
						
							
								| 1 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 2 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 3 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 4 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 5 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
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												C
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