School of Engineering \ Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering
	
	
	
 
				
	Course Credit
	ECTS Credit
	Course Type
	Instructional Language
 
				
	
					
					Bölüm kurulunun aldığı karar doğrultusunda akademik danışman onayı ile.
				
	
	
	
 
				
	Programs that can take the course
	
	
	
 
	It can be taken by students of the Materials and Nanotechnology Engineering Department. 
	
	
	
 
				
	Project topic selection. Literature review. Definition of the problem and motivation. Methodology proposal. Conducting experiments. Data collection, analysis, and discussion of results. 
	
	
	
 
				
	Textbook and / or References
	
	
	
 
	Current scientific publications
	
	
	
 
				
	The course aims to provide Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering students with a comprehensive design and implementation experience by utilizing the knowledge and skills acquired during their undergraduate studies. 
	
	
	
 
				
	
					
						1. Conduct a literature review on a given topic.
					
						2. Identify gaps, limitations, and define the problem in a researched subject.
					
						3. Determine motivation, objectives, and goals.
					
						4. Propose a methodology to solve the given problem.
					
						5. Design and implement experiments and experimental setups according to the proposed methodology.
					
						6. Organize and analyze data effectively.
					
						7. Evaluate results, explain mechanisms using undergraduate-level knowledge, and suggest future research directions.
					
						8. Improve teamwork, report writing, poster preparation, and oral presentation skills.
					
						9. Increase awareness of ethical, safety, and environmental considerations.
					
				
	
	
	
 
				
	Week 1: Introduction, Project topic selection
Week 2: Security Issues, Ethics in Engineering and Design, Teamwork
Week 3: Laboratory Studies
Week 4: How to conduct literature research? Defining the problem, motivation, goals and objectives
Week 5: Laboratory Studies
Week 6: How to do a systematic study. Evaluation of data and results
Week 7: Laboratory Studies
Week 8: Presenting the results (Power Point Oral Presentation, Poster Preparation, Article Writing)
Week 9: Laboratory Studies
Week 10: Economic, environmental and social issues in materials science and engineering
Week 11: Laboratory Studies
Week 12: Laboratory Studies
	
	
	
 
				
				
					
					
						
							
								
									| Tentative Assesment Methods | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number | 
									Weight (%) | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Attendance/Participation | 
										1 | 
										5% | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										1 | 
										15% | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										3 | 
										65% | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										1 | 
										15% | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Quiz | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Midterm Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
							
							
								
									 | 
									Total | 
									100% | 
								
							
						
						
						
							
								
									| Tentative ECTS-Workload Table | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number/Weeks | 
									Duration (Hours) | 
									Workload | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Hours (first 6 weeks) | 
										6 | 
										4 | 
										24 | 
									
								
									
										| Course Hours (last 6 weeks) | 
										6 | 
										3 | 
										18 | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										1 | 
										30 | 
										30 | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										3 | 
										30 | 
										90 | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										1 | 
										50 | 
										50 | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Quiz | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Midterm Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Study Hours Out of Class (preliminary work, reinforcement, etc.) | 
										12 | 
										5 | 
										60 | 
									
								
							
							
								
									| Total Workload |  |  | 
									272 | 
								
								
									| Total Workload / 30 |  |  | 
									272 / 30 | 
								
								
									 |  |  | 
									9.066667 | 
								
								
									| ECTS Credits of the Course |  |  | 
									9 | 
								
							
						
					
				
			
				
					
						
							 | 
							
								Program Outcome
								**
							 | 
						
						
							
								| 1 | 
							
								2 | 
							
								3 | 
							
								4 | 
							
								5 | 
							
								6 | 
							
								7 | 
							
								8 | 
							
								9 | 
							
								10 | 
							
								11 | 
							
						
					
					
						| 
							Course Outcome
						 | 
						
							
								| 1 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
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											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 2 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
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											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 3 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 4 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 5 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 6 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C, D
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 7 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 8 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B, C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 9 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												C
											 | 
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
										
										
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
												
											
										
											
										
									
										
										
											
										
										
										
											
										
											
												
											
										
									
									
									
										
										
											
												A, B
											 |