School of Medicine \ Medicine
	
	
	
 
				
	Course Credit
	ECTS Credit
	Course Type
	Instructional Language
 
				
	
					
					(TOBB ETÜ) Tıp Fakültesi Dördüncü sınıfı başarıyla tamamlayarak sınıfı geçmeye hak kazanmış olmak.
				
	
	
	
 
				
	Programs that can take the course
	
	
	
 
	Medicine Bachelor's Degree Program
	
	
	
 
				
	It is an internship that provides the ability to evaluate ethical problems from a clinical ethics perspective. 
	
	
	
 
				
	Textbook and / or References
	
	
	
 
	Medical Ethics: Accounts of Ground-Breaking Cases. Gregory Pence, McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, 2020
Tıbbi Etik ve Meslek Tarihi Ders Kitabı. Mehmet Özden. Hatiboğlu Yayıncılık, 2013
	
	
	
 
				
	To enable students to acquire clinical ethical decision-making skills in frequently encountered ethical problems. 
	
	
	
 
				
	
					
						1. Be able to distinguish ethical issues from other issues in cases.
					
						2. Be able to suggest solutions to ethical issues in cases.
					
						3. Be able to foresee possible ethical issues that may arise in medical practices and healthcare services.
					
						4. Be able to apply ethical problem-solving methods in healthcare service delivery and research.
					
						5. Be able to implement effective communication and ethical approaches in difficult issues.
					
				
	
	
	
 
				
	Week 1: Basic concepts of medical ethics, Medical ethics theories, Basic health legislation, Ethical norms of the medical profession, Ethical and legal responsibilities of the physician, Ethical Analysis methodology, Fair distribution of limited resources, Clinical ethics, Vulnerable and special groups, Ethical issues regarding the beginning of life, Genetics and ethics, 
Week 2: Ethical issues regarding the end of life, Ethical and legal dimensions of organ tissue donation, Scientific Publication ethics, Developments in medical technology and its ethical dimensions, Ethics in public health emergencies, Global health and ethics, Medical ethics and human rights, Case Studies
	
	
	
 
				
				
					
					
						
							
								
									| Tentative Assesment Methods | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number | 
									Weight (%) | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Attendance/Participation | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										1 | 
										50% | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										1 | 
										50% | 
									
								
									
										| Quiz | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Midterm Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
							
							
								
									 | 
									Total | 
									100% | 
								
							
						
						
						
							
								
									| Tentative ECTS-Workload Table | 
								
								
									| Activities | 
									Number/Weeks | 
									Duration (Hours) | 
									Workload | 
								
							
							
								
									
										| Course Hours (first 6 weeks) | 
										2 | 
										12 | 
										24 | 
									
								
									
										| Course Hours (last 6 weeks) | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Laboratory | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Application | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Homework | 
										1 | 
										2 | 
										2 | 
									
								
									
										| Project | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Presentation | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Field Work | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Internship | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Course Boards | 
										1 | 
										2 | 
										2 | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Quiz | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Midterm Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Preparation for Final Exam | 
										- | 
										- | 
										- | 
									
								
									
										| Study Hours Out of Class (preliminary work, reinforcement, etc.) | 
										2 | 
										2 | 
										4 | 
									
								
							
							
								
									| Total Workload |  |  | 
									32 | 
								
								
									| Total Workload / 30 |  |  | 
									32 / 30 | 
								
								
									 |  |  | 
									1.066667 | 
								
								
									| ECTS Credits of the Course |  |  | 
									1 | 
								
							
						
					
				
			
				
					
						
							 | 
							
								Program Outcome
								**
							 | 
						
						
							
								| 1 | 
							
								2 | 
							
								3 | 
							
								4 | 
							
								5 | 
							
								6 | 
							
								7 | 
							
								8 | 
							
								9 | 
							
								10 | 
							
								11 | 
							
								12 | 
							
								13 | 
							
								14 | 
							
								15 | 
							
								16 | 
							
								17 | 
							
								18 | 
							
								19 | 
							
								20 | 
							
								21 | 
							
								22 | 
							
						
					
					
						| 
							Course Outcome
						 | 
						
							
								| 1 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 2 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 3 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 4 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
							
						
							
								| 5 | 
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 | 
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
											
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
											
												
											 | 
										
										
										
									
								
									
									
									
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
										
										
										
										
									
									
									
										
										
										
											 |